This allows for much more precise control of the amount of needed oil or fuel released. The force generated by a piezo stack is also used to trigger the hydraulic valve, fuel injectors, and pumps by opening and closing more rapidly than traditional methods. The fine movements are used for mirror and lens positioning. Piezo automotive stack actuators are used in a large number of different vehicle components.
Many medical tools, such as ultrasound devices and optical reading machines, are also manufactured using piezoelectric stack actuators. Microscopy equipment, such as microscopes and telescopes, utilize piezoelectric stack actuators for very fine adjustment. Consumer electronics, industrial, automotive, medical, and aerospace industries utilize piezoelectric actuators to achieve precise, long lasting results. Stack actuators are also widely utilized and preferred for machinery operating on a nanometer scale to achieve high force and extremely precise small movement. The applications of piezo stack actuators are vast and virtually unlimited. The near linear characteristics of displacement and voltage for the piezo stack actuators also simplifies the design of the control circuit, allowing for more reliable at a lower cost. However, by using piezo stack actuators, the secondary sensor can be eliminated due to the extremely accurate linear displacement of piezo stacks. With most other piezo actuators other than a piezo stack, a secondary positioning sensor may be required for feedback and adjustment to meet accuracy requirements. Additionally, because these actuators require no lubrication to operate, they are capable of operating in vacuum and cryogenic environments. Piezo stack actuators require extremely little power to generate force due to its high mechanical power density and only consumes power when motion is generated, meaning piezo always has very low power consumption. They can withstand heat, are unaffected by magnetic fields, have high acceleration rates, and achieve very fast response times with almost no delay. There are many advantages to using piezoelectric stack actuators thanks to its simple compact design with minimal moving parts that eliminate friction and wear, making them long lasting in many applications. However, the advantages and wide applications available with piezoelectric stacks far outweigh the additional costs. Piezo stack actuators are much more expensive than bimorph or unimorph actuators. Force is a function of size of the stack, proportional to the cross section area of the piezo stack. Force is high, yet displacement is small, allowing for very fine and precise movement with accuracy in nanometers. Thus, the high force capability of stack actuators does not compromise accuracy. Piezoelectric stack actuators are particularly useful because they can generate a lot of force, but the displacement is almost linear depending on the voltage. However, high voltages require a lot of insultation, and because stacks are designed to operate at a specific voltage, using more voltage than specified will not achieve more performance and may damage the unit. The higher the voltage, the larger the displacement. The most common stack actuators are 150 volts. Displacement is proportional to the height of the stack. When piezo elements are stacked, there is a multiplying effect on amount of movement based on the number of individual elements in the stack. This linear displacement is responsible for actuation by creating force and generating movement. When multiple piezo elements are stacked, the device is capable of mechanical work and produces movement from the combined effect of each element’s expansion. On the other hand, these elements conversely expand or contract when an electric charge is applied, generating force and linear displacement.
Piezo elements are materials that can produce an electric charge when deformed.
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